Brazilian composer. He was exposed to folk music as a child, and his later extensive ethnomusicological studies (1905 – 12) had great influence on his own works. Self-taught as a composer, he met Darius Milhaud in 1917, and Artur Rubinstein later promoted his music and helped support him. A "week of modern art" in São Paulo (1922) brought his music to national attention, and he was given a grant to go to Paris (1923 – 30), where his music was received enthusiastically. On his return he became a leader in musical education — founding the Ministry of Education conservatory (1942) and the Brazilian Academy of Music (1945) — and Brazil's semiofficial ambassador to the world. His many works include his 9 Bachianas brasileiras for various ensembles and his 14 Chôros, based on a popular form of street music.